Essential Workplace Skills Essay -- Job Work Employee Career

Workplace Essential Skills While working or while looking for work there are certain skills sets that are universally important. No matter what job or career path you have chosen these skills make it easier to obtain your goals, whatever they may be. Workplace essential skills enable people at work to do the tasks required by their occupation, give them the basics to learn all other skills (job and life) and assist them to manage and adapt to the changing workplace environment. They are not the technical skills required by an occupation but are the enabling skills that are necessary in most occupations and that allow people to do their jobs successfully. (Molson) The skills that I am referring to are Oral and Written Communication, Interpersonal, and Teamwork skill. These sets of skills have been identified US dept of Labor and other universities and learning Centers as the essential skills every person needs. Oral and Written Communication skills are two of the most important skills a person could have in the workplace. Without the ability to effectively communicate or understand communication in written or auditory form taking and giving direction would be extremely difficult. Oral communication is simply the act of talking and listening. If a person can effectively convey his thoughts in spoken word and interpret others spoken words into their intended thought then they can effectively communicate orally. The same concept can be applied to the written word. The U.S. Deptartment of Labor breaks oral communication into two areas: Listening: Receives, attends to, interprets, and responds to verbal messages and other cues such as body language in ways that are appropriate to the purpose (e.g., comprehe... .../fulltext/00-wes.pdf, United States Dept. of Labor, "Foundation Skills: Basic Skills", 10 June 2005 http://www.careers.unsw.edu.au/careerEd/planning/knowYourself/employability.aspx, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia, "Employability Skills", 10 June 2005 http://www.nald.ca/molson/skills.html, The Molson Edmonton Learning Centre, "Workplace Essential Skills", 10, June 2005 "Essential skills for the workplace", Beth Blanchard-Smith, Contemporary Books, Chicago, Ill.1993 "Workplace basics : the essential skills employers want", Anthony Patrick Carnevale, Leila J Gainer, Ann S Meltzer; Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA 1990.

Monopoly and olygopoly Essay

A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity (this contrasts with amonopsony which relates to a single entity’s control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few entities dominating an industry) Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods. The verb â€Å"monopolize† refers to the process by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business entity that has significant market power, that is, the power, to charge high prices. Although monopolies may be big businesses, size is not a characteristic of a monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small industry (or market). A monopoly is distinguished from a monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service ; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market. Likewise, a monopoly should be distinguished from a cartel (a form of oligopoly), in which several providers act together to coordinate services, prices or sale of goods. Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations such that one or a few of the entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers (monopoly), suppliers (monopsony) and the other companies (oligopoly) in ways that leave market interactions distorted. When not coerced legally to do otherwise, monopolies typically maximize their profit by producing fewer goods and selling them at higher prices than would be the case for perfect competition Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by integration. In economics, the idea of monopoly is important for the study of market structures, which directly concerns normative aspects of economic competition, and provides the basis for topics such asindustrial organization and economics of regulation. There are four basic types of market structures by traditional economic analysis: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. A monopoly is a market structure in which a single supplier produces and sells a given product. If there is a single seller in a certain industry and there are not any close substitutes for the product, then the market structure is that of a â€Å"pure monopoly†. Sometimes, there are many sellers in an industry and/or there exist many close substitutes for the goods being produced, but nevertheless companies retain some market power. This is termed monopolistic competition, whereas by oligopoly the companies interact strategically. Characteristics †¢ Profit Maximizer: Maximizes profits. †¢ Price Maker: Decides the price of the good or product to be sold. †¢ High Barriers to Entry: Other sellers are unable to enter the market of the monopoly. †¢ Single seller: In a monopoly, there is one seller of the good that produces all the output. Therefore, the whole market is being served by a single company, and for practical purposes, the company is the same as the industry. †¢ Price Discrimination: A monopolist can change the price and quality of the product. He sells more quantities charging less price for the product in a very elastic market and sells less quantities charging high price in a less elastic market. Natural monopoly A natural monopoly is a company that experiences increasing returns to scale over the relevant range of output and relatively high fixed costs. A natural monopoly occurs where the average cost of production â€Å"declines throughout the relevant range of product demand†. The relevant range of product demand is where the average cost curve is below the demand curve. When this situation occurs, it is always cheaper for one large company to supply the market than multiple smaller companies; in fact, absent government intervention in such markets, will naturally evolve into a monopoly. An early market entrant that takes advantage of the cost structure and can expand rapidly can exclude smaller companies from entering and can drive or buy out other companies. A natural monopoly suffers from the same inefficiencies as any other monopoly. Left to its own devices, a profit-seeking natural monopoly will produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. Regulation of natural monopolies is problematic. Government-granted monopoly A government-granted monopoly (also called a â€Å"de jure monopoly†) is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or company to be the sole provider of a commodity; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement OLIGOPOLY An oligopoly is a market structure in which a few firms dominate. When a market is shared between a few firms, it is said to be highly concentrated. Although only a few firms dominate, it is possible that many small firms may also operate in the market. For example, major airlines like British Airways (BA) and Air Franceoperate their routes with only a few close competitors, but there are also many small airlines catering for the holidaymaker or offering specialist services. Concentration ratios. Oligopolies may be identified using concentration ratios, which measure the proportion of total market share controlled by a given number of firms. When there is a high concentration ratio in an industry, economiststend to identify the industry as an oligopoly. Characteristics †¢ Profit maximization conditions: An oligopoly maximizes profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. †¢ Ability to set price: Oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers. †¢ Entry and exit: Barriers to entry are high. [3] The most important barriers are economies of scale, patents, access to expensive and complex technology, and strategic actions by incumbent firms designed to discourage or destroy nascent firms. Additional sources of barriers to entry often result from government regulation favoring existing firms making it difficult for new firms to enter the market. †¢ Number of firms: â€Å"Few† – a â€Å"handful† of sellers. [3] There are so few firms that the actions of one firm can influence the actions of the other firms. [5] †¢ Long run profits: Oligopolies can retain long run abnormal profits. High barriers of entry prevent sideline firms from entering market to capture excess profits. †¢ Product differentiation: Product may be homogeneous (steel) or differentiated (automobiles). †¢ Perfect knowledge: Assumptions about perfect knowledge vary but the knowledge of various economic factors can be generally described as selective. Oligopolies have perfect knowledge of their own cost and demand functions but their inter-firm information may be incomplete. Buyers have only imperfect knowledge as to price, cost and product quality. †¢ Interdependence: The distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. Oligopolies are typically composed of a few large firms. Each firm is so large that its actions affect market conditions. Therefore the competing firms will be aware of a firm’s market actions and will respond appropriately. This means that in contemplating a market action, a firm must take into consideration the possible reactions of all competing firms and the firm’s countermoves. It is very much like a game of chess or pool in which a player must anticipate a whole sequence of moves and countermoves in determining how to achieve his or her objectives. For example, an oligopoly considering a price reduction may wish to estimate the likelihood that competing firms would also lower their prices and possibly trigger a ruinous price war. Or if the firm is considering a price increase, it may want to know whether other firms will also increase prices or hold existing prices constant. This high degree of interdependence and need to be aware of what other firms are doing or might do is to be contrasted with lack of interdependence in other market structures. In a perfectly competitive (PC) market there is zero interdependence because no firm is large enough to affect market price. All firms in a PC market are price takers, as current market selling price can be followed predictably to maximize short-term profits. In a monopoly, there are no competitors to be concerned about. In a monopolistically-competitive market, each firm’s effects on market conditions is so negligible as to be safely ignored by competitors. †¢ Non-Price Competition: Oligopolies tend to compete on terms other than price. Loyalty schemes, advertisement, and product differentiation are all examples of non-price competition. Advantages of Oligopoly Big Businesses Gain Massive Profits †¢ One of the greatest advantages that occurs from an oligopoly is for the few businesses which control the market for a product or service to build large profits due to reduced sales costs. If just a few companies are in control of the market, the companies have limited competition. It is able to reduce the costs of sales, advertising, promotion and public relations because there is very limited competition to pull the customers away. These reductions in cost can allow the companies in the oligopoly to build larger profits than they would have earned if there were more competitiors. Ability to Determine Prices. Instead of having to keep up with the market, the oligopolies essentially control the market. Unlike other markets where there are more competitiors, the companies in an oligopoly are less concerned about what other companies charge. They are able to establish prices for goods that people want and need based on what the companies in the oligopoly want to charge. Long Term Profits. These companies not only make massive profits, but they are able to retain them for the long haul. It takes a long time and a lot of money for a company to work its way into being a major supplier and part of the oligopoly. During this time, the existing oligopoly companies are able to maintain their profits. Disadvantages of Oligopoly Power in the Hands of a Few. If only a few companies control the availability of a specific product or service, these companies control everything about those products – what they look like, what they cost and how they are sold. Putting this power in the hand of a few companies takes away the normal influences of the market and the consumer. The market and the consumer are now totally relying on the companies to make the right decisions, even during periods of market unrest such as limited availability of a specific component, or escalating prices of raw materials. When the wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few companies, smaller businesses have a harder time being seen as a powerful player in the market. They would have to spend a lot of advertising and sales money to compete with the large powerful oligopoly companies. Creativity. When the knowledge and awareness of a product or service is concentrated in just a few companies, it can be difficult for new ideas to come into play. The existing companies may decide to minimize new products and new distribution methods since they are happy with their current processes and they don’t have any motivation to be competitive by lowering prices or introducing new products or processes. For the individual consumer this lack of creativity leads to out-of-date products and services. Setting Prices. These big businesses have the power to determine what the prices will be, without any concern for competition. This is a negative for the consumer and for other businesses. The whole idea of competitive pricing is thrown out the window when these businesses go about their pricing practices. As you can probably see, oligopolies appear to be beneficial for the companies involved in them, but not so great for the other businesses and consumers in the society. GLOBALISATION Globalization (or Globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Globalization describes the interplay across cultures of macro-social forces. These forces include religion, politics, and economics. Globalization can erode and universalize the characteristics of a local group. Advances in transportation andtelecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though several scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European age of discoveryand voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the pace of globalization has proceeded at an rapid rate. Benefits of Globalisation †¢ By buying products from other nations customers are offered a much wider choice of goods and services. †¢ Creates competition for local firms and thus keeps costs down. †¢ Globalisation promotes specialisation. Countries can begin to specialise in those products they are best at making. †¢ Economic Interdependence among different nations can build improved political and social links. Drawbacks of Globalisation. †¢ Cheap imports from developing nations could lead to unemployment in developed countries where the cost of production is high. †¢ Choosing to specialise in certain products may lead to unemployment in other sectors which are not prioritised. †¢ Increased competition for infant industry. †¢ ‘Dumping’ of goods by certain countries at below cost price may harm industries in order countries. Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-bordermovement of goods, service, technology and capital. Whereas the globalization of business is centered around the diminution of international trade regulations as well as tariffs, taxes, and other impediments that suppresses global trade, economic globalization is the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market. Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenomenon. Economic globalization comprises the globalization of production, markets, competition, technology, and corporations and industries. Current globalization trends can be largely accounted for by developed economies integrating with less developed economies, by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers as well as other economic reforms and, in many cases, immigration. Support and criticism Reactions to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade. Philosophical differences regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad-range of ideologies and social movements. Proponents of economic growth, expansion and development, in general, view globalizing processes as desirable or necessary to the well-being of human society[209] Antagonists view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to social well-being on a global or local scale;[209] this includes those who question either the social or natural sustainability of long-term and continuous economic expansion, the social structural inequality caused by these processes, and the colonial, Imperialistic, orhegemonic ethnocentrism, cultural assimilation and cultural appropriation that underlie such processes. The basic function of economy system Every economic system provides solutions to four questions: what goods and services will be produced; how they will be produced; for whom they will be produced; and how they will be allocated between consumption (for present use) and investment (for future use). In a decentralized (usually private enterprise) economic system, these questions are resolved, and economic coordination is achieved, through the price mechanism. Allocation Competitive markets — not corporate-dominated oligopolies — can perform well here so long as side-effects, such as externalities, are incorporated into prices. Ecological economists recognize a legitimate role of the market in society based on the efficiency of allocation of resources. A major improvement in markets includes the side-effects, so markets tell the ecological and social truth. However, pollution provides a subsidy to firms who would otherwise have to clean up their mess. They are easy to hide, hard to calculate, so they persist. This is called a market failure. If markets fail, this means becomes a central point of contention. ESS thus should make a big deal over market failure, which then becomes an institutional failure. Externalities. An externality is a consequence, positive or negative, of an economic activity that affects other parties without this affect being incorporated into market prices. Thus, market price deviates from the â€Å"true† social cost, sending the wrong signal. Note also the subtle linguistic trivialization. Interestingly, the economics profession has long neglected to assess the size or significance of externalities or to calculate the damages perpetrated on its victims, who by definition had these harms inflicted upon them without their participation-despite the obvious dysfunctions of industrialization and urbanization. Indeed, the bias of public policy in the USA has been to protect the producers, not the public at large. Daly comments on the trivialization of externalities by neoclassical economics: When increasingly vital facts, including the very capacity of the earth to support life, have to be treated as â€Å"externalities,† then it is past time to change the basic framework of our thinking so that we can treat these critical issues internally and centrally. Global Fairness Read Sachs and grasp his message. This is authentic social ecology. Without a grand social contract, cooperation between the Global North and the Global South will fail. The results will be disastrous. Sachs realizes that copycat development, the replication of the economic development practices of the global rich, will surely lead to global ruin: more poverty within vast ecological catastrophe. Orthodox western economics can neither be extended to the majority of the earth’s human inhabitants nor can it be sustained indefinitely by the 20% or so who enjoy its cornucopia. Sachs reveals the parasitical political character of global capitalism masquerading as shared economic development. The USA enjoys the opportunity to provide leadership here, but this moral authority has been squandered. ESS requires such leadership, soon. A good place to start is Africa. Brown provides much insight here. Left to itself, a market society will produce large maldistributions in wealth and income. In practice, the market-driven returns to capital, as profits and capital gains, accrue to the wealthy few, the capitalist class, while the returns to labor, wages and salaries, go to a multitude, the working class. This dynamic produces a class-based inequality of both wealth and income, which translates into differential political power. In the past, the inequalities were mitigated by redistributive tax policies–anathema to neo-liberalism, as exhibited by the recent Bush tax cuts. In the era of economic globalization, inequality has grown sharply within nations, including the USA, and on the global scene. Yet, economists regard this normative concern as outside the ken of â€Å"scientific economics. † Therefore, when issues of social justice are openly discussed in the context of sustainable development, do not turn to economics for insight. The usual deflection of the fairness discussion,now in play in the USA since the 2006 election, is to promote economic growth. Grow the pie rather than quibble over the size of the slices. But if the ingredients for physical growth become scarce, growth slows down and the quibbles morph into arguments. This can easily spin out of control. Count on it. Innovation Growth remains the engine of economic globalization without which the system as constituted would crash–although with runaway material growth earth’s ecosystems will surely crash. Schumpeter put it this way: Capitalism, then, is by nature a form of economic change and not only never is but never can be stationary. Schumpeter derided the â€Å"textbook picture† that depicted economic progress as the result of market-based competition . Rather, he pointed to innovation in products, sources of supply, organization, and technology that created a new context â€Å"which strikes not at the margins of the profits and the outputs of the existing firms but at their foundations and their very lives† . Indeed, Schumpeter foresaw that capitalism itself would fall victim to the turbulent task environment of its own making: The capitalist process not only destroys its own institutional framework but it also creates the conditions for another. Destruction may not be the right word after all. Perhaps I should have spoken of transformation . The pivotal move of ESS is to open up a horizon for enormous technical and social progress while maintaining and even restoring harmony with nature. Thus, sustainability offers enormous opportunity. The language of hope must replace the language of despair. There is real opportunity here. ^ Perverse Subsidies A related topic, rarely brought into view, is the plethora of perverse, often hidden, subsidies, including externalities, enjoyed by corporations in such established industries as energy, agriculture, and transportation. Not only do these gifts typically promote older, dirtier, less efficient industries, but they also stymie the development of innovative, cleaner alternatives –depressing prospects for sustainability. For example, subsidies to cotton farmers in the USA disadvantage cotton cultivators in Africa and subsidies to nuclear power generators present an unfair advantage to start-up wind power producers. These often hidden subsidies undermine economic efficiency and promote environmental damage, but go largely neglected in the economic literature. A study released in 2001 by Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent estimates the global cost of perverse subsidies at two trillion dollars, about 5. 6% of the $35 trillion global economy. The subsidy-rich, environmentally poor Bush-Cheney energy policy was formulated behind closed doors with input from energy giants like Enron but with no public disclosure. Eliminating perverse subsidies must be a first step toward building a sustainable economy. Thus, grappling with perverse subsidies and tilting the market toward renewable resources must be high on an ESS agenda. There are multiple components to economic systems. Decision-making structures of an economy determine the use of economic inputs (the means of production), distribution of output, the level of centralization in decision-making, and who makes these decisions. Decisions might be carried out byindustrial councils, by a government agency, or by private owners. Some aspects of these structures include: †¢ Coordination mechanism: How information is obtained and used to coordinate economic activity. The two dominant forms of coordination includeplanning and the market; planning can be either centralized or de-centralized, and the two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. †¢ Productive property rights: This refers to ownership (rights to the proceeds of output generated) and control over the use of the means of production. They may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use it, or held in common by society. †¢ Incentive system: A mechanism for inducing certain economic agents to engage in productive activity; it can be based on either material reward (compensation) or moral reward (social prestige).

Was Michelangelo an Artist or an Architect

Step aside, Frank Gehry! Get to the back of the line, Thom Mayne. Apparently, the irreverent Michelangelo is the real rebel of the architecture world. In 1980, amidst great public outcry, preservationists began cleaning the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, wiping away the dirt and soot that had darkened Michelangelos frescoes for centuries. When the restoration was completed in 1994, many people were astonished to see what brilliant colors Michelangelo had used. Some critics questioned whether the restoration was historically accurate. Painted Tricks on the Ceiling The public first saw Michelangelos frescoes on the vaulted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel on November 1, 1512, but some of those vaults you see are not real. The Renaissance artist spent four years painting the detailed Biblical scenes remembered by most people. Few realize, however, that the ceiling fresco also includes tricks of the eye, also known as trompe loeil. The realistic depiction of the beams that frame the figures is architectural detail that is painted on. The 16th century Vatican parishioners looked up to the chapel ceiling, and they were tricked. The genius of Michelangelo was that he created the appearance of multi-dimensional sculptures with paint. Powerfully strong images mixed with elegance and softness of form, reminiscent of what Michelangelo had accomplished with his most famous marble sculptures, David (1504) and the Pietà   (1499). The artist had moved sculpture into the painting world. Renaissance Man Throughout his career, the radical Michelangelo did a little painting (think ceiling of the Sistine Chapel), did a little sculpting (think Pietà  ), but some say his greatest achievements were in architecture (think St. Peters Basilica dome). A Renaissance Man (or Woman) is someone who has multiple skills in many subject areas. Michelangelo, literally a man of the Renaissance, is also the definition of a Renaissance Man. Michelangelos Architectural Tricks in the Library Born on March 6, 1475, Michelangelo Buonarroti is well-known for elaborate paintings and sculptures commissioned throughout Italy, but its his design for the Laurentian Library in Florence that intrigues Dr. Cammy Brothers. A Renaissance scholar at the University of Virginia, Brothers suggests that Michelangelos irreverent attitude toward the prevailing architecture of his day is what moves aspiring architects to study his work even today. Writing in The Wall Street Journal, Dr. Brothers argues that Michelangelos buildings, such as the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, trick our expectations just as the Sistine Chapel ceiling did. In the librarys vestibule—are those indentations between the columns windows or decorative niches? They could be either, but, because you cannot see through them they cant be windows, and because they display no decorations, they cant be architectural tabernacles. Michelangelos design questions the founding assumptions of classical architecture, and he brings us along, too, catechizing all the way. The staircase, too, is not what it appears. It seems like a grand entrance to the Reading Room until you see two other stairways, one on either side. The vestibule is filled with architectural elements that are both traditional and out of place at the same time—brackets that dont function as brackets and columns that seem to only decorate the wall. But do they? Michelangelo emphasizes the arbitrary nature of forms, and their lack of structural logic, says Brothers. To Brothers, this approach was radical for the times: By challenging our expectations and defying the accepted sense of what architecture can do, Michelangelo started a debate about architectures proper role that is still going on today. For example, should a museums architecture be in the foreground, like Frank Gehrys Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, or in the background, like the many designs of Renzo Piano? Should it frame the art or be the art? In his Laurentian Library, Michelangelo demonstrated that he could be both Gehry and Piano, attention-grabbing in the vestibule and self-effacing in the reading room. The Architects Challenge The Laurentian Library was built between 1524 and 1559 on top of an existing convent, a design that both connected with the past and moved architecture toward the future. We may think architects only design new buildings, like your new home. But the puzzle of designing a space within an existing space—remodeling or putting on an addition—is part of the architects job, too. Sometimes the design works, like Odile Decqs LOpà ©ra Restaurant built within the historical and structural constraints of the existing Paris Opera House. The jury is still out on other additions, like the 2006 Hearst Tower built atop the 1928 Hearst Building in New York City. Can or should an architect respect the past while at the same time reject the prevailing designs of the day? Architecture is built on the shoulders of ideas, and its been the radical architect who carries the weight. Innovation by definition breaks old rules and is often the brainchild of the Rebel Architect. Its the architects challenge to be both reverent and irreverent at the same time. Sources Photos of Biblioteca Medicea (vestibule and staircase, cropped)  © Sailko via Wikimedia Commons, Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) or GFDL; Photo of Reading Room in Laurentian Library  © ocad123 on flickr.com, Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0)Michelangelo, Radical Architect by Cammy Brothers, The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 11, 2010, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703453804575480303339391786 [accessed July 6, 2014]

Essay on Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth

Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout Macbeth, we are introduced to several interesting characters that influence events for good or bad. Perhaps the most complete character of all could be argued to be Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth often takes centre stage and reveals her emotions to the audience through several soliloquies. Because she is such a complex character, the audience has to make their own conclusions about her personality and drive behind her actions. To me, she appears at first to be loving but ambitious. By the end of the play, Lady Macbeth is revealed to be cruel but loyal, aggressive, ruthless and neurotic. The fact that she kills herself shows how mentally†¦show more content†¦We first are introduced to Lady Macbeth reading the letter from her husband in Act 1 Scene 5. From this scene we learn that she is ambitious, Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Her ruthless side has not been revealed yet because she just says that she wants her husband t o be King, she doesnt go in to any gory details. We do not learn how she will do this until later on in the play. It becomes clear that she holds high hopes for her husband. At first it may appear to be just because she loves him, but as the scene progresses, we find out that she is actually determined that she will be Queen. Basically she is going to use Macbeth to satisfy her own desires. She also gives the impression that she feels Macbeth is too honest to be King, that he is too full of the milk of human kindness. She realises that he will probably reluctantly kill the King and so she may have to push him along. We can see this by the eagerness she shows in wishing her husband home, Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear. What is most disturbing is that in the arrival of her beloved husband, she is obviously still thinking about King Duncan. When Macbeth tells her that Duncan is going to stay at their residence, she immediately tells him that Duncan will not le ave the place alive, OShow MoreRelatedThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeares Macbeth has been a theatrical favorite since Elizabethan times. Its timeless themes of ambition, fate, violence, and insanity collaborate to produce a captivating plot. The audience traces the disintegration of a tragic hero and his willful wife. Lady Macbeth, one of Shakespeares most forcefully drawn female characters, plays an important role in the play Macbeth. 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In Lady Macbeths first scene she is reading a letter from her husband telling her about the witchs predictions. Upon reading the letter she instantly decides to obtain the crown for Macbeth through any possible means. Lady Macbeth is viewed as very controlling, strong, and certain;Read MoreMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as Evil Murderers in William Shakespeares Play1016 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as Evil Murderers in William Shakespeares Play At the start of this play Macbeth is mentioned by witches which doesn’t give him credibility with the audience, whilst soon after Macbeth is seen as a brave, loyal and trustworthy servant of his king, Duncan. Almost as soon as the play starts, you hear of Macbeth’s bravery; â€Å"Brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name†¦Like Valour’s minion.† But soon after he has his meeting with the witches he is alreadyRead More Lady Macbeths Strategy in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth1612 Words   |  7 PagesLady Macbeths Strategy in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth In the seventh scene of act one Macbeth has left the banquet, and expresses his doubts about murdering Duncan in a monologue. Lady Macbeth comes in, and argues with Macbeth, until she manages to convince him, that he has to murder Duncan. To do that Lady Macbeth uses mainly two arguments. Letting I dare not? wait upon ?I would? like the poor cat i? the adage? (lines 43-44). Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth here that he shouldnRead MoreMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as A Dead Butcher and His Fiend-like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth2137 Words   |  9 PagesMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as A Dead Butcher and His Fiend-like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth is one of Shakespeares four famous tragedies. It was written in 1605-1606, at the peak of Shakespeares career; and was chosen to accolade the new King James I of England, who had been James VI of Scotland. He had a fascination with witchcraft and the supernatural, so the play Macbeth complimented his passion. Shakespeare is famed for his use of the English languageRead MoreLady Macbeth as the Driving Force Behind the Murder of Duncan in William Shakespeares Macbeth1424 Words   |  6 PagesLady Macbeth as the Driving Force Behind the Murder of Duncan in William Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth is a very exciting play containing all kinds of plots and murders. Many of the characters deceive one another in some form, and are generally very treacherous. Two of the most dangerous characters in the play are Lady Macbeth and her husband, Macbeth. Together they commit a most dreadful crime by killing the King; Duncan. It is for this reason that it is difficult to determine

Literary Analysis Of Emily Dickinsons The Road Not Taken

There are many experiences and encounters everyone will face, not just once or twice, but repetitively in our undetermined life. By nature, humanity is subject to struggle, but we are also compelled and driven to strive. During life we face defeat and we will feel every possible alternative is not accessible. However, facing defeat enables learning and experience and therefore, we are preparing ourselves to not be defeated. The process of life exposes humans to the never-ending ups and downs in their lifetime. I argue that there are a variety of experiences to face, including unbearable climaxes, as well as tranquil moments in life. Difficulty of coming to a conclusion of choice between the occurrence of multiple options is demonstrated†¦show more content†¦Almost every event in life can be imagined through time, but the whole idea of life is that it is a series of unknown possibilities. Savannah Bennett discusses how cancer took the life of her relative without the expectan cy in her poem titled â€Å"Cancer†. An image of a closed door accompanies this work because a doorway doesn’t allow anything to see beyond, or know what’s beyond it until it is opened, and once opened it leads to another place, similar to the way a life ends and goes into another dimension. Both Steble’s poem â€Å"Choices† and Felix Lugo’s â€Å"There is no Rest for Success† symbolize the power a human has over their own decisions and determination. A picture of a closed flower embodies both of these poems because a flower makes its own decisions of when it wants to open and also if it wants to stay in the light to grow and thrive. A flower has the ability to lean it’s body to follow the light because light gives it energy to pursue its process life process. The poem â€Å"Broken promises† by David Kirby signifies how people create their own problems by expressing the way broken promises linger with their master who cr eated them. These broken promises remind a person of their failure and how they were defeated. A picture of an assignment given an F assists this poem because an F stands for failure and it is recorded on a paper called a report card to remind you of how you failed yourself. During lifeShow MoreRelatedFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pages1. allegory: a literary work that has a second meaning beneath the surface, often relating to a fixed, corresponding idea or moral principle. 2. alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds. It serves to please the ear and bind verses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. †¢ Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy †¢ I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childlessRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesphilosophical readers sense of idealism focus on the individual s inner feelings emphasis on the imagination over reason and intuition over facts urbanization versus nostalgia for nature burden of the Puritan past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · literary tale character sketch slave narratives, political novels poetry transcendentalism Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · helps instill proper gender behavior for men and women fuels the abolitionist movement allow people to re-imagine the American past Historical

Issues Related to Smoking

Question: Write an essay on Issues Related to Smoking, Alcohol Consumption and Diet in UK? Answer: It is a proven fact through research that smoking and alcohol consumption immensely affects the human body. There are many harmful effects caused by smoking and alcohol among which lungs cancer and kidney damage is prime. In recent years various studies has shown that United Kingdom is dawdling with three critical life style issues. These issues can be discussed under three primary life style habits, which include smoking, alcohol and diet. The main aim of this assignment is to provide a proper light and explanation on the current life style and health condition in United Kingdom considering the three aspects which are alcohol, diet and smoking (Kvaavik et al. 2010). The factors that influence the health condition and status are said to be the determinants of health. Some of the factor that influences the health status can be broadly classified into various categories, which includes economical, societal, personal and environmental factors. Moreover, various other determinants like policy making, health services, biological and individual behavior influences the health condition and status of a particular nation (Stinghini et al. 2011). It has been found that various factors related to the social affairs, environment and physical condition has a major role in influencing the social determinants of health. These factors affect heavily on the quality of life and health of an individual. Some of the examples of these social determinants are public safety, socio-economic condition, exposure to globalization and technologies, availability of education, availability of job etc. However, certain other factors like social standard, social norms and social attributes as discrimination also influences the social condition of a country (Scott and Happell, 2011). Several minor factors like residential segregation and exposure to violence and social disorder also determine the social condition of a particular country. On the other hand, the environmental determinants like climate change, weather, toxic substance exposure and some aesthetic factors (like tree, electricity and lightning facility) also influences the health status. However, the condition of housing, neighbourhood, schools, office also influences the environmental and health status of a country heavily. These factors often correlate with the individual behavior of a person, which includes diet, alcohol and smoking addiction of a particular community (Dodd et al. 2010). Adding to this, various type of biological and genetic factors like age, sex, HIV status also affect the mass population of a country in terms of the health condition. For example, old person are found to be more biologically prone to suffer reduced and pitiable health condition due to cognitive effects like aging. Furthermore, it has been observed in UK community that various people are suffering due to health inequalities. This are considered as an unjust and an unethical difference in health condition that are seldom experienced by various population and communities within UK. It has been studied that people who are under-privileged and belonging from a lower strata of socio-economic background are more prone to chronic ill health (Hiscock et al. 2012). This people die earlier compare to the people residing in the higher strata of the society. On the other hand, health equity is defined as the commitment to eliminate the discrimination and disparities of health related inequalities in the society. Moreover, the main purpose of the health equity is to strive for providing the best possible health standard for each and every people. It also focuses on giving special attention towards people who are at greater risk of poor health condition based on environmental, social and biological factors (Wallerstein and Duran, 2010). The factors that affect the health and well-being of an individual are considered as the social determinants of the condition of health status. However, it should be remembered that this causes are not the direct and primary causes of illness, rather it can be considered as the reason for illness. Thus, it can be stated that smoking is the cause that can lead to various illness like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and lung cancer. Moreover, social and environmental factors influence an individual and determine the health condition and health status of a particular population within a nation (Scarborough et al. 2011). The Integrated Household survey (IHS) has shown a data, which confirms that 22 percent of men and 20 percent of female aged 18 or above has regular smoking habits. The people who are tagged as major smokers are found to smoke at an average of 15 cigarettes per day. However, the ratio and numbers found to vary among various sections in the community depending on their age, gender, social status and ethnicity. Moreover, the survey report also reported that one third of the United Kingdoms population between the age group of 20- 24 have been identified as regular smokers. However, the group of people between the age group of 60 and above is found to be infrequent smokers and their percentage is found to be 14% (McCartney et al. 2011). In a survey conducted by London Health Inequalities Forecast, it was found that the prevalence of smoking varies immensely among different population within United Kingdom. This marked difference is found to be prevailed among people belonging from different socio-economic strata. It was reported that people who are living in deprived circumstances have found to have higher rates of smoking habits. It was also reported that this deprived people with lower socio-economic status have taken up smoking at an early age and they are less likely to quit smoking. Hence, this result in higher numbers of smoke related illness among this particular section of the population (Bell et al. 2010). The report also showed that 28 percent of people in manual occupation are reported to smoke regularly compared to the 13 percent of the adults in managerial and professional occupations. However, various NGOs and other related organizations are assisting people in United Kingdom and helping them to quit smoking. Various seminars and educational programs are conducted annually to educate people about the ill effects of this habit. Various legislation and policies has been put forward by the government to ban smoking in every enclosed public places. Healthy Lives, Healthy People: a Tobacco Control Plan for England was published in March 2011, whose main purpose was to reduce the number of tobacco usage in United Kingdom. It was found that the consumption of alcohol has increased the rate of both acute consequences and chronic conditions among the population of United Kingdom. The acute consequences of alcohol consumption have increased the rate of road accidents and various type of assaults in the streets of UK. However, the chronic conditions like prevalence of cancer, heart disease, hypertension, liver damage have been reported to be very high due to higher rates of alcohol consumption in United Kingdom (Scarborough et al. 2011). The Integrated Household survey has shown that the consumption of alcohol varies with different ethnic groups within United Kingdom. The data and research survey has shown that Whites and Hispanic people have the highest alcohol consumption rates. It was found that 18.2 percent of Whites, followed by 15.2 Hispanic population), 10.1 Blacks and 8.01 percent Asians have the alcohol consumption habits in their adolescence (12 17 years) age. However, the percentage of this statistics tends to get higher when age group of 18 24 years of population was surveyed. It was found that Whites have the highest alcohol consumption rates with a percentage of 77.3% and 70.9% respectively (Ronksley et al. 2011). However, the consumption rate in Hispanics, Blacks and Asians has found to be lower between the ages of 18 24 years. In another study, which was performed by IHS, it was found that, Whites, Hispanics and lesser number of Blacks and Asians have reported alcohol consumption at an early onset (before the age of 15). However, the rate of drinking onset was found to be very low in case of females from every ethnic groups of the society. However, it was reported that the marked difference in socio-economic hierarchy was found to be a deciding factor in the amount of alcohol consumption in UK. It was reported that people who are living in deprived circumstances have found to have higher rates of drinking habits. Nevertheless, it was also reported that people enjoying the higher level in the socio economic pyramid of the society is reported to drink alcohol as a mark of their social status. However, the middle class people in UK was reported to consume alcohol in lesser amount compare to this former two groups of population (Rehm et al. 2010). To improve the determinants the government needs to impose higher taxes on the alcohol and impose a ban on heavy marketing and advertisement of alcohol within UK. Moreover, the Non-governmental organizations need to conduct various educational seminars and programs to educate people and spread awareness among the mass population of United Kingdom. The unhealthy diets and food habits among the population of United Kingdom has raised the number of obese patients. It has been found that majority of United Kingdoms population is suffering from excessive weights and obesity. The United Kingdom ministry has announced that obesity is one of the most increasing health problems among the population of the country. An online survey carried out by the organization name UK-Cental shows that in the year of 2014, 27.7% of the UK population have gained weight and suffering from obesity. Moreover, 23.1% of people have reported to living in a life with overweight condition. Several other diseases are associated with obesity. High blood pressure, cardiac diseases and high blood sugar are one of the most prevalent diseases, which are related with obesity (Wang et al. 2011). However, this data is common among the high people who belong in the higher socio-economic strata. They have money to eat their desired food and are more frequent to fast food centers, restaurants and stalls. However, the lower class people are deprived of any money and social status hence they suffer from malnutrition and deficiency. This is a classic example of the socio-economic condition of United Kingdom where people can easily distinguish a person and can understand from which socio-economic group he/she belongs (Scarborough et al. 2011. In 2012, 21.1% of the population was suffering from overweight issues, which rose to 24.4% in 1998. In 2013, the amount rose to 25.6%. The more recent data published by the National Health Survey in 2014 shows that 10.8 percent of the entire United Kingdom residents aged between 18 to 69 are suffering from obesity. Among this population, the male population is 12.1 percent, and female population is 9.5 percent, if this data is further categorized into the ethnic group, then 24 percent of the obese population belongs to Black Africans, 16.9 percent belong to Whites, and 7.9 percent belongs to the Asians (Misra and Khurana, 2011). The programs and seminars of United Kingdom are the most effective setting where people can be educated through awareness programs. Many companies and organizations have started Workplace Health Promotions (WHP) in collaboration with HPB. This collaboration helps to fund different training to staff, and conduct workplace health promotion programs. These grants of fund help to support the organizations to buy required equipment and build facilities or incentives that will motivate and encourage people to control obesity. Moreover, the Nongovernmental organizations and Government need to promote and fund this type of educational programs more. Moreover, the UK Government needs to implement Beatties model to increase health promotion and awareness among the mass population of United Kingdom. Beatties model is an analytical and complex model. This model recognizes that the promotion for healthy lifestyle and behavior is implanted by applying good social and cultural practices. The Beattie's model is focused on different tactics and approaches towards promoting health awareness (Gortmaker, 2011). Evaluating the data and information, it can be concluded that, United Kingdom is suffering from a unhealthy lifestyle and living habits. The country need to improve its standard of living so that it can sustain a healthy and prosperous future for its compatriots. Moreover, the non-governmental, non-profit organizations and the UK government need to work hand in hand to increase the awareness and start new legislations in order to reduce the unhealthy life styles in United Kingdom. However, it is tough but by making a proper plan and by collaborating with each other the work of promoting healthy life style in United Kingdom can be achieved in near future. It is an important aspect to make people aware about the consequences and harmful effects of smoking and alcohol consumption. In the younger generation the alcohol consumption and smoking rate is gradually increasing. This is not all a good sign for any country. To overcome this situation the Government of U.K. should implement prope r steps needed in order to maintain the social and economic integrity of the country. Reference: Bell, K., Salmon, A., Bowers, M., Bell, J. and McCullough, L., 2010. Smoking, stigma and tobacco denormalization: Further reflections on the use of stigma as a public health tool. A commentary on Social Science Medicine's Stigma, Prejudice, Discrimination and Health Special Issue (67: 3).Social science medicine,70(6), pp.795-799. Dodd, L.J., Al-Nakeeb, Y., Nevill, A. and Forshaw, M.J., 2010. Lifestyle risk factors of students: a cluster analytical approach.Preventive medicine,51(1), pp.73-77. Gortmaker, S.L., Swinburn, B.A., Levy, D., Carter, R., Mabry, P.L., Finegood, D.T., Huang, T., Marsh, T. and Moodie, M.L., 2011. Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action.The Lancet,378(9793), pp.838-847. Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J.A. and Munafo, M., 2012. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1248(1), pp.107-123. Kvaavik, E., Batty, G.D., Ursin, G., Huxley, R. and Gale, C.R., 2010. Influence of individual and combined health behaviors on total and cause-specific mortality in men and women: the United Kingdom health and lifestyle survey.Archives of internal medicine,170(8), pp.711-718. McCartney, G., Mahmood, L., Leyland, A.H., Batty, G.D. and Hunt, K., 2011. Contribution of smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths to the gender gap in mortality: evidence from 30 European countries.Tobacco control,20(2), pp.166-168. Misra, A. and Khurana, L., 2011. Obesity-related non-communicable diseases: South Asians vs White Caucasians.International journal of obesity,35(2), pp.167-187. Rehm, J., Baliunas, D., Borges, G.L., Graham, K., Irving, H., Kehoe, T., Parry, C.D., Patra, J., Popova, S., Poznyak, V. and Roerecke, M., 2010. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview.Addiction,105(5), pp.817-843. Ronksley, P.E., Brien, S.E., Turner, B.J., Mukamal, K.J. and Ghali, W.A., 2011. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Bmj,342, p.d671. Scarborough, P., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasinghe, K.K., Allender, S., Foster, C. and Rayner, M., 2011. The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 200607 NHS costs.Journal of Public Health,33(4), pp.527-535. Scott, D. and Happell, B., 2011. The high prevalence of poor physical health and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in individuals with severe mental illness.Issues in mental health nursing,32(9), pp.589-597. Stringhini, S., Dugravot, A., Shipley, M., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., Kivimki, M., Marmot, M., Sabia, S. and Singh-Manoux, A., 2011. Health behaviours, socioeconomic status, and mortality: further analyses of the British Whitehall II and the French GAZEL prospective cohorts.PLoS Med,8(2), p.e1000419. Wallerstein, N. and Duran, B., 2010. Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity.American journal of public health,100(S1), pp.S40-S46. Wang, Y.C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S.L. and Brown, M., 2011. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK.The Lancet,378(9793), pp.815-825.

Symbolism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher Essay Example For Students

Symbolism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher Essay Webster describes setting as the way to describe the place, time, and environment in a story or play. But, setting can do more then that as well. Setting can create atmosphere in a story. The writer can use the setting to foreshadow events that are soon to come. It can also tell the reader what kinda of traits the characters show. Edgar Allen Poe did this three things with his story, The Fall of the House of Usher. Poe used his wording of the setting to place an atmosphere in the readers head. Ushers house, the windows, the yard, all put a gloomy image in the readers mind and Poe is able to build off that to create a great story. We will write a custom essay on Symbolism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now His use of the words black, decayed, vacent help him to create the perfect atmosphere. The narrator states that the mansion had an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of heaven. It wasnt clean, or beautiful, or something a reader would want to live in. It was a house that put them in a frightened mood and wondering why the house would be this way. Poes wording when describing the setting is what creates the effective atmosphere in the story. Another important way Poe uses setting is to foreshadow events in the story. An example of this is the mansion. The narrator notices a small crack in the house. He defines this as a crack in the building, but also in the family. This foreshadows that something is coming along to make the house and the family fall. Another way foreshadowing takes place in setting is the time of year. The Fall of the House of Usher takes place in autumn. Autumn is used to symbolize that death is around the corner. This type of symbolism is also used on the night when Rodericks mind is finally on its last string. There is a storm outside, which also symbolizes that something bad is going to happen. In this story Poe used enough information to clue the reader in on what was going to happen, but not enough to give it all away. Character traits are also displayed through the setting. The narrator was affected by visiting the mansion and living in the gloomy atmosphere that Roderick had created through his books, art, and music. These things were all depressing and morbid, which matched the inside of him and his personality. Roderick played dirges on his guitar and painted images that the narrator described phantasmagoric. One of the rooms in the mansion had windows that feeble gleams of encrimsoned light erved to render sufficiently distinct the more prominent objects around. The windows represented Rodericks eyes and the light represented a sense of reality. Many of these things in the setting show that Roderick is unstable, he loves obsessing over death, and was depressed. Poe does something in his writing that some writers do not. He uses all aspects of the setting. He creates a mood for the story. He tells what is about to come. He also tells the reader what the characters are like. The setting in The Fall of the House of Usher held the story together and is the reason why the story is as well known as it is today.